enzymes

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mother_plants_in_flower.jpg

Cannabis has been used for medicinal and recreational purposes for centuries. Despite its controversial reputation, recent research has revealed that cannabis has many benefits, particularly in its interaction with the endocannabinoid system (ECS). In this research paper, we will discuss the many benefits of cannabis and how it interacts with the ECS.

What is the Endocannabinoid System?

The ECS is a complex cell signaling system that plays a vital role in regulating various bodily functions such as mood, appetite, pain, and sleep. The ECS consists of three primary components: endocannabinoids, receptors, and enzymes.

Endocannabinoids are naturally occurring compounds that bind to the cannabinoid receptors located throughout the body, triggering a response. Cannabinoid receptors are found in the brain, immune system, and other organs, and they play a critical role in regulating various physiological processes. Enzymes are responsible for breaking down endocannabinoids once they have fulfilled their function.

How does Cannabis Interact with the Endocannabinoid System?

Cannabis contains over 100 different cannabinoids, including THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) and CBD (cannabidiol), which interact with the ECS in different ways. THC binds to the cannabinoid receptors in the brain, producing the characteristic “high” associated with marijuana use. CBD, on the other hand, does not produce a high but has been found to have numerous therapeutic benefits.

Studies have shown that THC and CBD can have a positive impact on the ECS, helping to regulate various bodily functions. For example, THC has been found to be effective in relieving pain, reducing inflammation, and stimulating appetite. CBD has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anxiolytic effects, making it useful in treating anxiety and depression.

Benefits of Cannabis:

Pain Relief – Cannabis has been found to be effective in treating chronic pain, including pain caused by multiple sclerosis and neuropathy. Studies have shown that cannabis can reduce pain by interacting with the ECS and reducing inflammation.
Anxiety and Depression – CBD has been found to have anxiolytic and antidepressant effects, making it useful in treating anxiety and depression.
Nausea and Vomiting – THC has been found to be effective in reducing nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy and other medical treatments.
Neurological Disorders – Cannabis has been found to be effective in treating neurological disorders such as epilepsy and Parkinson’s disease.
Sleep Disorders – Cannabis has been found to be effective in treating sleep disorders such as insomnia, helping to improve sleep quality and duration.

Conclusion:

Cannabis has many therapeutic benefits, particularly in its interaction with the ECS. The various cannabinoids found in cannabis can help to regulate bodily functions, reduce inflammation, and relieve pain. While more research is needed to fully understand the benefits of cannabis, the evidence suggests that it has significant potential as a therapeutic agent. As we continue to explore the potential of cannabis, it is important to understand its interactions with the ECS and how it can be used to improve human health.

Sources:

Russo, Ethan B. “Cannabis and Cannabinoids in Pain Relief: A Review.” Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics, vol. 1, no. 3-4, 2001, pp. 35-57. https://doi.org/10.1300/J175v01n03_04.
Blessing, Esther M., et al. “Cannabidiol as a Potential Treatment for Anxiety Disorders.” Neurotherapeutics, vol. 12, no. 4, 2015, pp. 825-836. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-015-0387-1. Abrams, Donald I
., et al. “Cannabis in Painful HIV-Associated Sensory Neuropathy: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial.” Neurology, vol. 68, no. 7, 2007, pp. 515-521. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000253187.66183.9c.
Rock, Erin M., and Ethan B. Russo. “Cannabis and Cannabinoids in Neurological Illness: An Overview.” Neurotherapeutics, vol. 12, no. 4, 2015, pp. 837-845. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-015-0380-6.
Babson, Kimberly A., et al. “Cannabis, Cannabinoids, and Sleep: a Review of the Literature.” Current Psychiatry Reports, vol. 19, no. 4, 2017, pp. 23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-017-0775-9.

Plants Do Division http://news.jic.ac.uk/

I thought that only humans can do arithmetic, but plants do division as well. I guess a brain with a neocortex is not required. New research shows that arabidopsis plants perform an arithmetic feat to know how to distribute stored energy during the night when there is no light, preventing starvation.

Plants get their energy from light through a process called photosynthesis. This involves breaking down carbon dioxide compounds into sugars. And we all know what awesome byproduct that gives us; oxygen! So during the day they store sugars, and during the night plants do division in order to distribute the sugars at a steady rate. This insight comes from new research done by the scientists at the John Innes Centre and found through the open access journal eLife.

It is vital that plants do division in order to be able to grow properly. Learning more about this process has some implications, such as possible plant hacking in order to achieve higher crop yields. This is already being done with GMOs.

Plants do division during night time. There are certain “mechanisms” in the leaves that measure how much of the starch is stored and how much time will pass until the sun rises. Plants also have a sort of an internal “biological clock” which allows them to guess when dawn will come. There are three clock genes that work together like a seesaw. When dawn comes, these genes instruct the plant to make two proteins, CCA1 and LHY. These proteins tell the plant that it is daytime. During the day these are destroyed, which allows for the third protein, TOC1, to be made. This tells the plant that it is night time. That last protein also tells the plant that it’s time to make the first two, so the whole process cycles again.

According to Professor Alison Smith,

the calculations are so precise so that plants prevent starvation but also make most efficient use of their food.

Using up the starch too fast will induce starvation, while using it up too slow will waste the unused starch. Scientists predict that there are two molecules that encode the information about how much starch is stored at a given time and time until dawn breaks. Let’s call these molecules S and T for the time being. The rate at which starch is consumed is set by the ratio of S molecules to T molecules. Because a ratio is actually a fancy way to say division, scientists are confident in the claim that plants are division experts.

Sources:

http://elife.elifesciences.org/content/2/e00669

http://news.jic.ac.uk/2013/06/plants-do-sums-to-get-through-the-night/

http://arabidopsis.info/InfoPages?template=arabidopsis;web_section=arabidopsis

http://www.plantsci.cam.ac.uk/research/webb/plantTime/clock.html